Physical and mechanical properties of heat treated wood from Aspidosperma populifolium, Dipteryx odorata and Mimosa scabrella

Heat treatment improves some wood properties namely: equilibrium moisture, dimensional stability and durability and mechanical properties. In this study, the heat treatment was applied to woods of three natural species from Brazil: Aspidosperma populifolium (peroba mica), Dipteryx odorata (cumaru) and Mimosa scabrella (bracatinga). The woods were heated in an oven under vacuum and under nitrogen, at 180, 200, and 220°C for one hour. The untreated and heat-treated woods were characterized in relation to equilibrium moisture content, basic density, shrinkage, Janka hardness, and bending MOR and MOE according to NBR 7190 standards. All the thermal rectified woods showed a reduction in the hygroscopic equilibrium content, especially when the heating was under vacuum from 13-15% in the untreated woods to 1-3% for vacuum treatment at 220 °C. The dimensional stability was improved to only a small extent e.g. volumetric shrinkage tended to decrease with increasing temperature. The mechanical properties were affected differently for the three wood species. Heat-treated cumarushowed increased Janka hardness, MOR and MOE; and peroba mica increased MOR and MOE but not Janka hardness; while bracatinga was less influenced by the heat treatmentinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Omnibus survey of pupils and their parents or carers: wave 5: Research report: March 2019

Brazilian productivity of eucalyptus trees is one of the highest in the world, and it has sustainable and viable conditions to supply the demand for woody biomass in a large quantity and diversity. This favorable situation makes Brazil one of the countries with the greatest potential for the production development of torrefied woody biomass on a commercial scale. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis applied to increase the energy quality of the feedstock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Brazilian potential of woody biomass torrefaction for energy purposes. An experimental study was performed evaluating this thermal treatment of eucalyptus wood chips on a semi-continuous screw reactor developed by a Brazilian university. The results showed the increases in the energy quality of eucalyptus wood chips as a function of torrefaction temperature and time. This thermal treatment was technically feasible for the hygroscopicity reduction and the increases of fixed carbon and calorific values of the woody biomass

WOOD THERMAL PROFILE DURING THE PYROLYSIS PROCESS

The objective of this project was to obtain the temperature profile formed in the wood during the slow pyrolysis process. For this, small holes were opened into the wood using a drill, three thermocouples were inserted in the radial portion along the length of the wood and on the surface - center direction. Three Eucalyptus wood logs, 35 cm long, 30% moisture and 8, 9 and 12 cm diameters, were used. The final pyrolysis temperature was 400 °C. The gravimetric yield of the products was calculated after the pyrolysis process.  The formation of thermal gradients was observed in the wood throughout the process. The temperature difference between the surface and the center can reach up 200 °C, in the pyrolysis of the largest diameter wood.  Thermal heights formed in the wood at 100 °C were detected, being more evident in the central portion. The thermal variation perceived in the wood can be explained by the presence of water, which demands energy for its evaporation and changes the temperature gradients, and the heat conductivity is poor due to the wood being a porous material, mainly in the carbonized zone.These phenomena influence the heat transfer during the pyrolysis process. On the surface - to - center direction, the formation of temperature gradients generates transient thermal threshold due to the drying process. Thus, a temperature gradient was formed between the surface and the center of the wood during the pyrolysis and the total time of the process will be higher in the largest diameter wood

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PELLETS OF Pinus sp. TORREFIED IN A SCREW TYPE REACTOR

The combination of pelletization and torrefaction allows for obtaining pellets with higher energetic density. Thus, biomass becomes more attractive and usable for energetic purposes, and therefore, knowing the chemical properties becomes important to guarantee the quality of the torrefied pellets for fuel. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of torrefaction of Pinus sp. pellets on their chemical properties. The wood was previously transformed into particles and dried to 16% moisture content for further pelleting. For the torrefaction, the pellets were dried to 0% moisture content and subjected to heat treatment in a screw type reactor at the temperatures of 210, 250, and 290 °C and the times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes. In order to determine the chemical properties, the structural chemical composition, immediate chemical composition, elemental composition, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed. The torrefaction promoted significant changes in the chemical properties of Pinus sp. pellets, especially regarding the proportional increase of carbon content in detriment to oxygen reduction, increase of the thermal stability, and proportional increase of the lignin content by the reduction of the hemicelluloses. This improves the energetic quality of the biomass and turns it into a more competitive fuel when compared to fossil fuels.The combination of pelletization and torrefaction allows for obtaining pellets with higher energetic density. Thus, biomass becomes more attractive and usable for energetic purposes, and therefore, knowing the chemical properties becomes important to guarantee the quality of the torrefied pellets for fuel. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of torrefaction of Pinus sp. pellets on their chemical properties. The wood was previously transformed into particles and dried to 16% moisture content for further pelleting. For the torrefaction, the pellets were dried to 0% moisture content and subjected to heat treatment in a screw type reactor at the temperatures of 210, 250, and 290 °C and the times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes. In order to determine the chemical properties, the structural chemical composition, immediate chemical composition, elemental composition, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed. The torrefaction promoted significant changes in the chemical properties of Pinus sp. pellets, especially regarding the proportional increase of carbon content in detriment to oxygen reduction, increase of the thermal stability, and proportional increase of the lignin content by the reduction of the hemicelluloses. This improves the energetic quality of the biomass and turns it into a more competitive fuel when compared to fossil fuels

HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS WOOD

 Among the technological alternatives to improve the quality and use of eucalyptus wood is heat treatment, as the wood has some features that may limit its use, such as dimensional instability, high anisotropy, and heterogeneous coloring. This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of time of hydrothermal treatment on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of solid wood of Eucalyptus grandis. We used three trees of E. grandis, selecting only the heartwood, and prepared test specimens with dimensions of 30cmx8cmx3cm (length, width, and thickness). The hydrothermal treatment was performed in a Parr reactor using three reaction times (5, 15, and 25min) at 140°C. Partial removal of extractives occurred, especially in the outer layer of wood. There was an increase of up to 58% of its permeability because of the partial clearing of the vessel elements. There was no degradation of the main constituents of the wood, so loss of mechanical strength was observed. The hydrothermal treatment promoted the partial removal of the hydroxyl groups and/or a structural rearrangement of the hemicelluloses and cellulose, causing a reduction of the hygroscopicity of E. grandis.

Physical and mechanical properties of juvenile schizolobium amazonicum wood

Growth in world demand for wood implies a search for new fast growing species with silvicultural potential, and in this scenario for native species such as Paricá . Thus, the objective of this study was determining the physical and mechanical wood properties of the Schizolobium amazonicum species (known as Paricá in Brazil). Trees were collected from commercial plantations located in the north of Brazil with ages of 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. Four logs from trees of each age in the longitudinal direction of the trees were obtained, and later a diametrical plank of each log was taken to manufacture the specimens which were used to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The basic density of Paricá was reduced in the basetop direction and no difference between the radial positions was observed, while the average basic density of this wood was characterized as low. The region close to the bark showed less longitudinal contraction and also greater homogeneity of this property along the trunk, while for tangential contraction the smallest variation was found in the region near the pith. Paricá wood contraction was characterized as low. Age influenced most of the mechanical properties, where logs from the base had the highest values of mechanical strength.O crescimento da demanda mundial por madeira implica na busca de novas espécies de rápido crescimento com potencial silvicultural e, nesse cenário, as espécies nativas como o paricá. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira da espécie Schizolobium amazonicum (paricá). As árvores foram coletadas em plantios comerciais localizados no norte do Brasil, com idades de 5, 7, 9 e 11 anos. Das árvores de cada idade foram obtidas quatro toras no sentido longitudinal das árvores e, posteriormente, um pranchão diametral de cada tora para fabricação dos corpos de prova, os quais foram utilizados para avaliar algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira. A densidade básica do paricá reduziu no sentido base-topo e não houve diferença entre as posições radiais, em média, a densidade básica dessa madeira caracterizou-se como baixa. A região próxima da casca apresentou menor contração longitudinal, e também, maior homogeneidade dessa propriedade ao longo do tronco, enquanto para a contração tangencial a menor variação foi encontrada na região próxima à medula. A contração da madeira de paricá foi caracterizada como baixa. A idade influenciou a maioria das propriedades mecânicas, tendo a tora da base os maiores valores de resistência mecânica

Composição química da madeira de eucalipto com diferentes níveis de desbaste

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509812359The objective of this study was to evaluate different thinning regimes in forest plantations of eucalypt(Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) clones to produce timber for cellulose and charcoal to verifywhether this effect could affect the proportion of the chemical components of wood. The average initialspacing between plants was 3x3 m and the treatments were: T1= control, T2, T3and T4 with thinning 20%,35% and 50% of the basal area, respectively. The results were analyzed by Tukey test at 5% probability.According to the results found the lignin content from treatment T4 was higher than that of the others; thegroups of uronic acids of the T1 was similar to all other treatments, but the levels of T2 and T4 differedbetween them. The extractives content of T1was similar to the T2 and T3 and lower than that of theT4; thecarbohydrates of T1 were similar to that of T3 and higher than the others. It was concluded that thinningincreases the quality of the wood to be used as energy purposes, such as charcoal production, but it did notincrease productivity for wood pulp and paper production.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509812359O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes regimes de desbaste em plantios silviculturais de clones de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis) para produção de madeira visando à obtenção de celulose e carvão com a finalidade de verificar se este efeito poderia afetar quantitativamente a proporção dos componentes químicos da madeira. O espaçamento inicial médio entre plantas foi de 3 x 3 m e os tratamentos foram: T1= testemunha, T2, T3 e T4 com desbaste de 20%, 35% e 50% da área basal presente, respectivamente. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey com 5% de probabilidade. De acordo com os resultados, constatou-se que o teor de lignina resultante do tratamento T4 foi maior que o dos demais; o de grupos urônicos do T1 foi semelhante ao dos demais tratamentos, mas os teores dos T2 e T4 diferiram entre si. O teor de extrativos do T1 foi semelhante ao dos T2 e T3 e menor que o do T4; o de carboidratos do T1 foi semelhante ao do T3 e superior aos demais. Concluiu-se que o desbaste aumenta a qualidade da madeira para ser utilizada como fins energéticos, como produção de carvão, mas não aumenta a produtividade de madeira destinada à confecção de celulose e papel

Análise cinética da cura de adesivos de taninos das cascas de três espécies de eucalyptus por calorimetria diferencial exploratória (dsc)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a cinética de cura de adesivos à base de taninos de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus urophylla por calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC), comparando-a com a cinética de cura de adesivos comerciais: fenol-formaldeído e de taninos de acácia-negra (Acacia mollissima D.Wild). Verificou-se que o adesivo de taninos de Eucalyptus urophylla apresentou os parâmetros cinéticos (energia de ativação, entalpia, temperatura de pico e ordem de reação) mais próximos aos do adesivo comercial de taninos de acácia-negra, que foram totalmente diferentes do adesivo à base de fenol-formaldeído. Com base nestes parâmetros constatou-se que, em relação aos outros dois, o adesivo de taninos de Eucalyptus urophylla é o mais adequado para colagem, uma vez que em condições industriais ele necessitará de uso mínimo de energia e de tempo de prensagem durante o processo de colagem.This work aimed to analyze the cure kinetics of Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus urophylla tannins based adhesives by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Another objective was to compare cure kinetics of Eucalyptus tannin adhesives with the cure kinetics of phenol-formaldehyde and Wattle black (Acacia mollissima D. Wild) tannin commercial adhesives. It was observed that the Eucalyptus urophylla tannin adhesives presented kinetic parameters (activation energy, entalpia, peak temperature and reaction order) similar to the Wattle black commercial tannin adhesives but were different from the phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. Based on these parameters it was concluded that the Eucalyptus urophylla tannin adhesives are more adequate for wood bonding than the other two Eucalyptus tannin adhesives. Under industrial conditions, Eucalyptus urophylla tannin adhesive will need a minimum energy and pressing

AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE DESBASTE NAS PROPRIEDADES DA MADEIRA E DO CARVÃO VEGETAL DE Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de desbaste nas propriedades físicas e químicas da madeira e do carvão vegetal de híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus grandis S. T. Blake. O experimento foi instalado em um talhão de uma empresa do setor florestal, que foi dividido em quatro faixas, representando os níveis de desbaste de 0, 20, 35 e 50% aplicados ao povoamento aos cinco anos. Foram coletadas 3 árvores de cada tratamento, 62 meses pós-desbaste. Determinou-se densidade básica, poder calorífico superior (PCS) e composição química da madeira, os rendimentos gravimétricos além da densidade aparente, PCS e composição química imediata do carvão vegetal. A madeira apresentou características tecnológicas satisfatórias para produção de carvão vegetal, sob os diferentes níveis de desbaste, porém estes não influenciaram de maneira significativa as propriedades físicas e químicas doccarvão vegetal.This research aimed to evaluate effects of different levels of thinning in the physical and chemical properties of wood and charcoal from a hybrid clone of Eucalyptus urophylla W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus grandis S. T. Blake. The experiment was conducted in a plot of a forestry company which was divided into four tracks, representing the thinning levels of 0, 20, 35 and 50% applied to five years old plantations. Three trees were collected from each treatment, 62 months after thinning. Basic density, calorific power and chemical composition of wood had been determined, as well as charcoal properties as follows: gravimetric yields, density, chemical immediate composition and calorific power. Wood presented suitable technological characteristics for charcoal production, under different levels of thinning, but these did not influence significantly charcoal physical and chemical properties

Effect of thermal treatment variables on the thermogravimetric properties of eucalypt wood

Thermal treatments have the effect of reducing the hygroscopicity and improving the resistance to microbiological attack of wood by the degradation of its chemical constituents. During the treatments, the mass of the wood is reduced, a factor that can affect the quality of the materials according to their use. The objective was to verify the effect of the thermal treatment variables on the thermogravimetric properties and the chemical composition of Eucalyptus grandis. The treatments were carried out in a vacuum oven with three atmosphere conditions - vacuum; N2; vacuum+N2 at temperatures of 140, 180 and 220 °C for 6 hours. It was observed that the mass loss during treatments differed only according to the temperatures used. The extractive content, total lignin and holocellulose presented significant changes only at 220°C in all three atmospheres. In the thermogravimetric analysis, the greatest value of residual mass was found in the treatment that used nitrogen and 220 °C, thus demonstrating that this treatment was more invasive, leading to the conclusion that the vacuum application can help to reduce the degradation of the constituents of the eucalypti wood. wood, which can lead to the production of thermally treated wood without great losses in the mechanical properties